![]() These examples have fueled discussions related to accountability and “what to do” with those responsible for violations, on the role of the UN Security Council, the International Criminal Court, and other mechanisms such as the various UN Commissions of Inquiry and Panels of Experts. Cases have been documented in Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Syria, Yemen, and in the Ukraine-Russia conflict, among others. Some of them are indeed responsible for deliberately attacking schools and hospitals, torturing detainees, preventing humanitarian relief reaching the civilian population, and recruiting and using children in hostilities. ![]() The UN Security Council has almost exclusively used humanitarian law in its decisions.It is difficult to write a short reflection on legal compliance in armed conflict without acknowledging the obvious: parties, be they States or non-State armed groups (NSAGs), violate some rules of international humanitarian law (IHL) during war. The United Nations General Assembly, the UN Commission on Human Rights, the International Court of Justice, and several other intergovernmental organizations have occasionally attempted to secure respect for human rights law during armed conflicts and have referred on an irregular basis to humanitarian law in such endeavors. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has long played a leading role in working for the application of humanitarian law during armed conflicts it has also begun to refer to human rights law in situations of internal strife or tensions not covered by international humanitarian law. ![]() During non-international armed conflicts, governments and armed opposition groups each bear responsibility for their obedience to those norms.International organizations can encourage the participants in armed conflicts to respect human rights and humanitarian law. Governments are principally responsible for the implementation of international human rights and humanitarian law during periods of armed conflict. ![]()
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